Pharmaceutical Analysis Important Questions with Answers 

Pharmaceutics Important Questions with Answers – Unit Wise Guide Section A Unit-I Questions Define prescription. In which year was the most recent edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia published, and how many volumes does it contain? Who is considered the father of pharmacy education in India? What do the symbols Rx and signature mean in a prescription? Define the term “Compendia.” Outline the handling of prescriptions. Define dosage forms. Unit-II Questions When can a solution be termed isotonic? (Most Important) Determine 80% v/v alcohol in terms of proof spirit. (Most Important) Define allegation. Write the use of geometric dilution. How can we calculate pediatric dose? What do you understand by proof spirit? (Most Important) Calculate the dose for a child of 5 years with a surface area of 1.5 m², given the adult dose is 40 mg. Calculate the number of tablets prepared from 5 kg of aspirin if a tablet contains 325 mg of aspirin. Unit-III Questions Define suspension with an example. Name two emulsifying agents. (Most Important) Explain HLB system and Bancroft rule. What is the difference between Simple Syrup IP and Simple Syrup USP? How do co-solvents improve solubility? (Most Important) Define effervescent and efflorescent powders.name Write the problems associated with suspensions. Write the names of some emulsifiers. Explain sedimentation volume. (Most Important) Define elixirs. Differentiate between syrups and elixirs. Define physical incompatibility. Unit-IV Questions Define suppository with an example. (Most Important) What do you understand by blooming of suppositories? What do you mean by Displacement Value? Classify bases used in suppositories. What is therapeutic incompatibility? (Most Important) Unit-V Questions Classify semi-solid dosage forms. (Most Important) Give examples of two ointment bases. (Most Important) Name two evaluation parameters of semi-solid dosage forms. Write the names of excipients used in semi-solid dosage forms. Name two non-aqueous solvents used in liquid dosage forms. Give any two examples of gelling agents. Design the formula for Calamine lotion. What are humectants? Give examples. Section B Unit-I Questions Write a note on the history of pharmacy. (Most Important) What do you understand by prescription? What are the different parts of a prescription? Draw a sample prescription. Define Posology. Discuss various factors affecting posology. Calculate the doses for three children: one aged 8 years, one aged 8 months, and one weighing 15 pounds, given the adult dose of a drug is 120 mg. Write a note on “Pharmacy as a career.” What do you understand by Pharmacopoeia? Write a short note on IP and BP. Unit-II Questions What are the different excipients used in liquid dosage forms? Describe solubility enhancement techniques. Unit-III Questions Define suspension. Discuss their method of preparation. What are the differences between deflocculated and flocculated suspensions? (Most Important) Define suspension. What is flocculated and deflocculated suspension? What are the different parameters used for the evaluation of suspensions? (Most Important) Illustrate the methods of preparation of emulsions, their stability problems, and methods to overcome these problems. (Most Important) Define emulsions. Discuss their methods of preparation, stability problems, and methods to overcome these problems. (Most Important) Unit-IV Questions Write a descriptive note on therapeutic and physical incompatibility with examples. (Most Important) Explain pharmaceutical incompatibilities in detail with examples. Unit-V Questions Classify semisolid dosage forms. What are the factors affecting dermal penetration? Discuss the method of preparation of pastes. Write the method of preparation of creams. Describe various methods for the preparation of ointments. Discuss the mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. General/Interdisciplinary Questions Write a detailed note on the history of Pharmacy in India. Section C Unit-I Questions Write a short note on the parts of a prescription with a suitable example of a model prescription. (Most Important) Define the term posology. Discuss the various factors affecting posology. (Most Important) What are the different options as a career in pharmacy? (Most Important) Explain the development of the profession of pharmacy in India. Write the way of handling a prescription and enlist some prescription errors. Unit-II Questions Calculate the amount of 75%, 65%, 45%, and 35% alcohol that should be mixed to get 55% alcohol using the allegation method. Calculate the volume of 95% alcohol required to prepare 300 ml of 70% alcohol by the allegation method. (Most Important) Define Powder. Write a short note on dusting powders and effervescent powders. Discuss effervescent, efflorescent, and hygroscopic powders with proper examples. (Most Important) Differentiate between simple and compound powders. Elaborate on dusting powders as pharmaceutical dosage forms. (Most Important) How many grams of a drug are needed to make 5 liters of a 1 in 500 solution? Unit-III Questions Write a short note on gargles, mouthwashes, and throat paints with an example formula for each. Define Emulsion. Describe the methods to identify instability in emulsions. Describe the stability problems of suspensions and methods to overcome them. Define emulsions and suspensions, and discuss the various tests to identify the type of emulsion. Write the difference between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. (Most Important) Differentiate between: (i) Mouthwashes and Gargles. (ii) Lotion and Liniment. Discuss various tests for the identification of emulsions. (Most Important) Give the formulation and method of preparation of syrups in detail. Write the method of preparation of syrups. Write the advantages and disadvantages of syrups. Unit-IV Questions Define suppositories. Explain the ideal bases for suppositories. How many types of suppository bases are there? Discuss the different methods for the evaluation of suppositories. Write the method of preparation and evaluation parameters of suppositories. What is a gel? Discuss the methods for the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. Discuss physical incompatibility with suitable examples. (Most Important) Unit-V Questions Classify semisolid dosage forms. What are the factors affecting dermal penetration? Enlist the factors affecting dermal penetration of drugs. Write a note on turpentine liniment. What are the various methods of preparation of creams? (Most Important) Illustrate various solubility enhancement techniques. (Most Important) Discuss the various scopes of pharmacy. (Most Important) Pharmaceutical Calculations Calculate the proportions in which a manufacturing pharmacist may mix 30%, 25%, 10%, and 6% zinc oxide ointments to produce a 15% ointment. A pharmacist has four batches of ointments containing 50%, 25%, 10%, and 5% drug. How many grams of each may be used to prepare 4800 g of 20% ointment?


Section A


1.     Calculate the normality of 20 g NaOH for a 100 ml solution.

2.     Define acid and base according to Bronsted-Lowry theory. (Repeated 2 times)

3.     What is Ohm’s law? Define specific resistance.

4.     Define protogenic and protophilic solvents. (Repeated 2 times, with variations: "photogenic and protophillic")

5.     What is polarography? (Repeated 2 times)

6.     Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, and reduction involves the gain of electrons. (Statement repeated 2 times)

7.     Define oxidizing and reducing agents. (Repeated 2 times)

8.     What are masking and demasking agents? (Repeated 2 times)

9.     Calculate the significant figures of 0.1 × 0.2 and 0.1 ÷ 0.2 up to three digits.

10.  Differentiate between co-precipitation and post-precipitation.

11.  Define normality and explain how to prepare 0.1 N NaOH solution for 100 ml. (Repeated 2 times)

12.  Differentiate between primary and secondary standards.

13.  Explain how phenolphthalein behaves in acidic and basic mediums.

14.  Write the principle of Mohr’s method. (Repeated 2 times)

15.  Differentiate between leveling and differentiating effects of solvents. (Repeated 2 times)

16.  Describe the mechanism of starch-KI paste as an external indicator.

17.  Write the formula of EDTA.

18.  Define Kohlrausch’s law.

19.  Explain the different types of current used in polarography.

20.  Define digestion and Ostwald ripening.

21.  What do you mean by normality?

22.  Define standard solution and its types.

23.  Describe the fundamentals of volumetric analysis.

24.  Write a note on significant figures.

25.  What is pH?

26.  Write about acid-base indicators.

27.  What are electrochemical methods of analysis? (Repeated 2 times)

28.  Define mole and molarity.

29.  Calculate the normality for 100 g of NaOH in 500 ml solution.

30.  Differentiate between acid and base.

31.  What is a universal indicator? Give examples.

32.  What is non-aqueous titration?

33.  What is the modified Volhard method? Give examples.

34.  Define iodimetry and iodometry.

35.  Write about Ilkovic action.

36.  Differentiate between accuracy and precision.

37.  Discuss the role of indicators in titrations.

38.  Explain acid and base according to Arrhenius theory.

39.  Define the limit test.

40.  Explain the principle of gravimetric analysis.

41.  Explore the term dichrometry.

42.  Define a metal ion indicator with suitable examples.

43.  Define mole fraction.

44.  How can you prepare a 1 molar oxalic acid solution?

45.  Explain the principle behind the limit test of chlorides.

46.  Write about various solvents used in non-aqueous titration.

47.  Define diazotization.

48.  Explain the principle of Volhard’s method. (Repeated 2 times)

49.  How will you estimate calcium gluconate?

50.  What do you understand from neutralization curves?

 

Section B


  1. Give the principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis.
  2. Classify acid-base titrations. Provide an example of a strong acid and strong base titration.
  3. Write about various sources of errors.
  4. Describe the various types of errors and methods for minimizing them.
  5. Explain the significance of non-aqueous titrations. Differentiate between "levelling solvents" and "differentiating solvents" with suitable examples.
  6. Discuss in detail Mohr’s method and Volhard’s method. (Repeated 3 times)
  7. Discuss the methods of expressing concentration in detail. (Repeated 2 times)
  8. What is an acid-base indicator? Explain the theory of indicators.
  9. Explain the standardization of KMnO₄ using sodium oxalate.
  10. Provide the construction and working of reference electrochemical cells: standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode, and calomel electrode.
  11. Discuss Fajan’s method of precipitation titration. Explain co-precipitation and post-precipitation.
  12. What are the different methods to express the concentration of a solution? (Repeated 2 times)
  13. Discuss the basic principle, methods, and application of diazotization titration.
  14. What is redox titration? Write a short note on redox curves.
  15. Explain the theory of redox titrations and provide the concept of oxidation and reduction.

 

Section C


  1. What is the role of Quantitative analysis in quality control?
  2. What is error? Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate errors.
  3. Discuss the types of complexometric titrations.
  4. Define digestion or Ostwald ripening and give its significance in gravimetric analysis.
  5. Write a short note on Iodimetry and Iodometry. (Repeated 3 times)
  6. Discuss the types of solvents used in non-aqueous titration.
  7. What are indicators? Discuss the theory of indicators.
  8. Discuss the preparation and standardization of Oxalic acid or Sodium hydroxide.
  9. Define limit test and describe the limit test of chloride in detail.
  10. What is non-aqueous titration? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of non-aqueous titration.
  11. What is pM indicator? Discuss the theory of pM indicator.
  12. Discuss the preparation and standardization of 0.1 N ceric sulphate solution.
  13. What are the various steps involved in gravimetric analysis?
  14. What are mixed indicators? Give examples and their advantages.
  15. Classify errors and suggest ways to minimize them. (Repeated 2 times)
  16. State the modern concept of acids and bases.
  17. Derive the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for a weak acid and its salt.
  18. Write the theory of acid-base titrations.
  19. Write a note on estimation of boric acid.
  20. Write a note on Fajan’s method. (Repeated 2 times)
  21. Describe the concept of oxidation and reduction.
  22. Write a note on alkalimetry and acidimetry.
  23. Describe the types of non-aqueous solvents.
  24. Explain the types of conductometric titrations in detail.
  25. How is co-precipitation different from post-precipitation? (Repeated 2 times)
  26. Explain the mechanism of a dropping mercury electrode (DME).
  27. Outline the various techniques of analysis used in pharmaceuticals.
  28. Discuss various neutralization curves in acid-base titrations.
  29. Discuss the estimation of Barium sulphate.
  30. Illustrate the principle, instrumentation, and applications of conductometry.
  31. Draw the construction of an electrochemical cell. Describe the working of the standard hydrogen electrode and standard calomel electrode.
  32. Describe the source of impurities in medicinal agents.
  33. Describe masking and demasking reagents in complexometric titration.
  34. Write the principle and give an example of redox titration.
  35. Write the methods to determine the endpoint of potentiometric titration.